Concrete Nouns – That which you can hold · apple, Pope John Paul II, boulder, cat, zoo, New York City, etc.
Abstract Nouns – An idea, concept, etc. Cannot be touched. · Justice, Wrongdoing, Color, Intent, Speech, etc.
Common Noun – General, non-specific nouns. Not capitalized. · apple, pen, zoo, pepper shaker, dog, etc.
Proper Noun – A specific noun. Must be capitalized. · Pope John Paul II, New York City, the English language, etc.
Regular Plural Nouns: -s
Plural ending in s, x, z, ch, sh -es
Irregular Plurals +{PLU} No standard form.
Level 2
Never use apostrophes (‘) to form plurals. (‘) is used for possession (ownership).
Don’t confuse the Noun with a similar Verb (see page 65).
Common Nouns ending in y vowel -s consonant -i +es
Common noun ending in f or fe
Varies -s or –ves
Common nouns ending in o vowel -s consonant -s or –es
Regular Proper Nouns: -s
Proper ending in s, x, z, ch, sh -es
Compound Words
Single word end of the whole word Open Form +{PLU} on the most important noun in the word OF w/o principal noun end of the whole word [Compound words can have multiple forms]
Numbers/Letters/Degrees/Isolated words Numbers -s
Other Uppercase Letters -s A, I, M, U -‘s Lower case letters -‘s isolated words -s or –es degrees -s
Abbreviations -s
Abbrvs. of measurement -/
Level 3
Foreign Words (page 68)
Latin a – ae us – i um – a x- ces
French eau – eaux
Special Nouns Some words are considered non-count. They are concrete nouns that cannot be broken up into countable parts. Milk, water, gravel, furniture, etc., are neither singular nor plural.
Some words that end in –s or –es are either always plural or always singular (see bottom of page 69).
Level 1
Concrete Nouns – That which you can hold· apple, Pope John Paul II, boulder, cat, zoo, New York City, etc.
Abstract Nouns – An idea, concept, etc. Cannot be touched.
· Justice, Wrongdoing, Color, Intent, Speech, etc.
Common Noun – General, non-specific nouns. Not capitalized.
· apple, pen, zoo, pepper shaker, dog, etc.
Proper Noun – A specific noun. Must be capitalized.
· Pope John Paul II, New York City, the English language, etc.
Regular Plural Nouns: -s
Plural ending in s, x, z, ch, sh -es
Irregular Plurals +{PLU} No standard form.
Level 2
Never use apostrophes (‘) to form plurals. (‘) is used for possession (ownership).Don’t confuse the Noun with a similar Verb (see page 65).
Common Nouns ending in y
vowel -s
consonant -i +es
Common noun ending in f or fe
Varies -s or –ves
Common nouns ending in o
vowel -s
consonant -s or –es
Regular Proper Nouns: -s
Proper ending in s, x, z, ch, sh -es
Compound Words
Single word end of the whole wordOpen Form +{PLU} on the most important noun in the word
OF w/o principal noun end of the whole word
[Compound words can have multiple forms]
Numbers/Letters/Degrees/Isolated words
Numbers -s
Other Uppercase Letters -s
A, I, M, U -‘s
Lower case letters -‘s
isolated words -s or –es
degrees -s
Abbreviations -s
Abbrvs. of measurement -/
Level 3
Foreign Words (page 68)
Latin a – ae
us – i
um – a
x- ces
French eau – eaux
Special Nouns
Some words are considered non-count. They are concrete nouns that cannot be broken up into countable parts. Milk, water, gravel, furniture, etc., are neither singular nor plural.
Some words that end in –s or –es are either always plural or always singular (see bottom of page 69).